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5. A Brief Style Sheet for Polish American Studies

A Brief Style Sheet for Polish American Studies

 Polish American Studies uses the Chicago Manual of Style, 17^th edition.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

• , i.e., e.g., in parentheses, spelled out in text
  • (Shakespeare’s plays, i.e. Hamlet, Othello, and Macbeth)
  • Shakespeare’s plays, for example: Hamlet, Othello, and Macbeth
• Acronyms: expand on first use and place acronym in parentheses; delete acronyms that are not repeated again in the article.
  • The Polish American Historical Association (PAHA) is a non-profit, tax exempt, interdisciplinary organization. PAHA promotes research and publication of scholarly materials focused on Polish American history.
• Convert ampersands (&) to “and.”
  • The United States and Great Britain were allies during World War II.

Numbers

• Spell one to ninety-nine; use numerals for 100 and above; same for ordinals; no superscripts “th” or “nd”
  • The United States is made up of fifty states.
  • 1976 marked the 200th anniversary of the creation of the United States.
• Shortened year spans except in headlines; shortened page no. spans; spell ages
  • World War II lasted from 1939 to 1945.
  • In 1960-63, John F. Kennedy was president of the United States.
• Convert Roman to Arabic numerals (e.g. vol. nos. of books or journals), except referring to page numbers or sections in a book
  • Appendix II
  • Rhetoric Review 26, no. 1
• Date formats (U.S.) month, day, year
  • On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed.
• When citing a decade, there is no apostrophe before the “s”
  • Rock and roll became popular in the United States throughout the 1950s.

Book Reviews

• When cited, book reviews include author, title, city of publication, publisher, and year of publication, as well as the ISBN. If two ISBNs are present, use the thirteen digit ISBN instead of the ten digit one.
  • Roger, Daniels. Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life (Princeton, N.J.: Harper Perennial, 1991), 450+xiipp. ISBN 0-06-092100-5.
• For quotes from the book under review: “quote….quote” (p. 212).
  • Historian Frank Lambert argues that “innovations in rhetoric and social communication challenged local distinctions and authority relations” (p. 529).
• Book reviews do not include prices.

Style (Misc.)

• Do not hyphenate proper nouns and adjectives relating to geography or nationality (e.g., Polish Americans, Polish American immigration) unless between is implied (e.g., U.S.-Canadian border).
• Eliminate contractions except in quotations or dialogue
  • The United States did not have a stable relationship with the Soviet Union during the 1950s. (Instead of: The United States didn’t have a stable relationship with the Soviet Union during the 1950s.)
• Do not capitalize prepositions in titles unless they have five letters or more.
  • “Divine Intervention: Images of the Catholic Ghost Within Shakespearian Tragedy”
• Block extracts for quotations of approximately eighty words (five lines) or more (this example is an excerpt from Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, published in 1818). A block quotation is indented one inch to the left.

  It advanced behind the mountains of Jura; and the thunder burst at once with frightful loudness from various quarters of the heavens. I remained, while the storm lasted, watching its progress with curiosity and delight. As I stood at the door, on a sudden I beheld a stream of fire issue from and old and beautiful oak, which stood about twenty yards from our house; and so soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared, and nothing remained but a blasted stump…I never beheld anything so utterly destroyed.

• Do not use and/or; use whichever is appropriate.
  • Americans read about Franklin Delano Roosevelt in newspapers or listened to him speak on the radio.
  • President Roosevelt and his wife, Eleanor, were well-liked by the American Public.

 Translations

• In the text, enclose a non-English word or short phrase in parentheses in italics; do not use both quotation marks and italics; do not use italics for names of organizations, political parties, or institutions.
  • The Polish National Alliance represents a large part of the American Polonia.
  • Work of the foundations (Praca u podstaw)
  • Praca u podstaw(Work at the foundations)

Miscellaneous notes on style

• Periods, commas, semicolons, and other forms of punctuation go inside quotation marks.
  1. Historian Perry Miller argues that the strategy of Jonathan Edwards, which he refers to as the “rhetoric of sensation,” mirrored that of Enlightenment thinker John Locke.
• Quotation marks go on top of the words following, not below.
  1. “To be or not to be, that is the question…”
• Endnotes and footnotes numbers follow a period; they should also be put only at the end of a sentence and not in between words in a sentence.
  1. John Hancock was the first man to sign the Declaration of Independence.[1]
• Double quotation marks (“) are always used when citing. The only time a single quotation mark (‘) is used is if another quote can be found inside quotation marks.
  1. “George Whitefield’s theological theories focused on the idea that ‘no individual can have assurance of salvation unless they are born again.’”
• When mentioning a person, always use both their first and last names.
  1. Author Julia Reinhardt Lupton published her critique of William Shakespeare’s plays in 2005 through the University of Chicago Press.
• Identify the individual who is being discussed in proper context.
  1. During the 18^th century, minister Jonathan Edwards gave sermons which would eventually be referred to as part of the Great Awakening.
  2. Historian George Marsden stands as an authority on American religious history and literature.
• The titles of journals, magazines, and other published materials are cited in italics, not quotation marks.
  1. The historical literature journal The William and Mary Quarterly publishes four issues each year.
• Instead of using “cf.” in footnotes or endnotes, the phrase “see” is used.
  1. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is still widely discussed and argued to this day, as some historians believe it to be a piece of Protestant propaganda, while others see it as support for Catholicism. (See: Clare Asquith’s Shadowplay: The Hidden Beliefs and Coded Politics of William Shakespeare.)

I) Citing a Book

            Book citations include the name of the author, as well as the book's title, city, publisher, and year of publication, and the page on which referenced information is printed. The title of the book is written in italics, and the city and date of publication are enclosed in parentheses. When citing the entire book, it is not necessary to write the page numbers referenced. When citing a part of a book, the page range will be noted.

Robert E. Brown, Jonathan Edwards and the Bible (Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press, 2002), 31-50.

Suzanne Geissler, Jonathan Edwards to Aaron Burr, Jr.: From the Great Awakening to Democratic Politics (New York: E Mellen Press, 1981).

II) Citing a Book with Multiple Authors

            Citations for books with multiple authors are similar to citations with only one author. The authors' names are cited in the same order as they are listed on the cover of the book.

Michael J. McClymond and Gerald R. McDermott, The Theology of Jonathan Edwards (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 277-281.

Einhard and Notker the Stammerer, Two Lives of Charlemagne (London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2008), 63-80.

III) Citing a Book with an Editor in Place of an Author

If a book has an editor, then the editor of the book is cited in place of the author. The notation "ed." is added after their name(s).

Stephen Greenblatt, ed., The Norton Shakespeare (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2008), 1696-1784.

John E. Smith, Harry S. Stout, and Kenneth P. Minkema, eds., A Jonathan Edwards Reader (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), 20-24.

IV) Citing a Part of a Book

When citing a part of a book, such as an essay within a collection, the author of the essay is first cited. The title of the essay is given in quotations.

Hannibal Hamlin, "The Patience of Lear," in Shakespeare and Religion: Early Modern and Postmodern Perspectives, ed. Ken Jackson and Arthur F. Marotti (Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2011), 140-143.

Andreas Capellanus, "The Art of Courtly Love," in The History of Feudalism, ed. David Herlihy (New York: Humanity Books, 1970), 43.

V) Citing a Journal Article

    The name of the journal from which the article came is written in italics, the journal volume and issue number are cited, and the publishing date is written inside of parentheses. If citing a quote from a particular article, use only the page number on which said quote was written. When referencing the entire article, cite the entire page range of the article.

Phoebe S. Spinrad, "The Fall of the Sparrow and the Map of Hamlet's Mind," Modern Philology 102, no. 4 (2005): 453-477.

Frank Lambert, "Subscribing for Profits and Piety: The Friendship of Benjamin Franklin and George Whitefield," The William and Mary Quarterly 50, no. 3 (July 1993): 531.

VI) Citing a Journal Article with Multiple Authors

            An article with multiple authors is cited similarly to one with only one author. Both authors are cited in the order which they are listed in the article.

John C. Adams and Stephen R. Yarbrough, "Delightful Conviction: Jonathan Edwards and the Rhetoric of Conversion," Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 14, no. 4 (Autumn 1996): 468-471.

Maxine Seller and Andrew Trusz, "High School Textbooks and The American Revolution," The History Teacher 9, no. 4 (August 1976): 537.

VII) Citing Archival Materials

            Citation forms may differ for different types of archival materials. However, citation aspects which must be present include an item description (correspondence, public record, etc.), collection information, and repository information.

For example:

Letter, Dennis Allen to Stan Lee, October 26, 1976, box 13, folder 4, Coll. 8302, Stan Lee Papers, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming.

Booth Tarkington to George Ade, 8 May 1924, Box 10, Folder 5, George Ade Papers 1878-2007, The Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections Research Center, Purdue University Libraries.

VIII) Citing Electronic Resources

            When citing electronic resources, such as websites or electronic books, author, page title, site owner, and publication and/or revision date should be included. An access date and a URL should also be included for accuracy. Electronic books are cited in the same way as their hard copy counterparts, along with an access date and URL.

George Pattison, God and Being: An Enquiry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 103-4. Accessed September 2, 2012.https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588688.001.0001.

Richard Landes, “Millenialism,” Encyclopedia Britannica, July 10, 2013, accessed March 31, 2014. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/382720/millennialism.

IX) Citing Unpublished Interviews by Author

Include specific information about who conducted the interview, when and where, what recording method was used, whether the interview was transcribed and where it is available. For example:

Aloysius Mazewski, President of the Polish American Congress, interview by author, 6 September 1966, Chicago, tape recording, in the possession of the author.

Photographs

Digital images must be of sufficient quality for print reproduction. Accepted file formats are JPG, TIF, GIF, or EPS. Resolution must be at least 300 dots per inch (dpi). Digital files must not be embedded in the text document. These files should be submitted as separate files, and “callouts” should indicate where illustrative materials are to appear within the text, e.g.: . Callouts should be placed on a separate line at the end of the paragraph closest to where you’d like the image to appear. Print photographs can be used; they should be glossy black-and-white prints of good reproductive quality, preferably 8 x 10 inches in size. To avoid damaging photographs, never write on them (front or back) or use paperclips to attach captions or explanatory notes about cropping or placement; instead, number them by affixing to the back a pre-marked label or sticky note, and provide a separate list of captions for all illustrative material. Permission to reproduce the images must accompany the manuscript.